Description: Understanding "Surface Values" in English, Evaluation of Surface Roughness-HOW TO CALCULATE CLA, RMS VALUES, Surface Roughness Symbols II Metrology II Surface Roughness Representation, Differences between Surface Roughness and Surface Finish.
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In mathematics , specifically, in topology , a surface is a two-dimensional , topological manifold . The most familiar examples are those that arise as the boundaries of solid objects in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space R 3 , such as a sphere . On the other hand, there are surfaces, such as the Klein bottle , that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space without introducing singularities or self-intersections.
To say that a surface is "two-dimensional" means that, about each point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth resembles (ideally) a two-dimensional sphere , and latitude and longitude provide two-dimensional coordinates on it (except at the poles and along the 180th meridian ).
The concept of surface finds application in physics , engineering , computer graphics , and many other disciplines, primarily in representing the surfaces of physical objects. For example, in analyzing the aerodynamic properties of an airplane , the central consideration is the flow of air along its surface.