Fossil fuels have been cheap. They have been used to produce electricity, reduce iron, make fertilizers and heat homes. This has caused large carbon dioxide and methane emissions that can not continue. Fossil fuels will be phased out.
Nuclear power plants, wind power and solar power will have to replace coal and natural gas electricity generation. Wind and solar are variable. Adding some of those into an electricity generation mix can easily have a positive effect of reducing carbon emissions. Hydropower can also act as a leveler. When you add more, trying to get rid of all the fossil fuels, the variability will cause more and more problems. This can be also alleviated with making the demand flexible, where practicable. At some point sto
Electric cars are replacing oil fueled ones. Most current electric cars on the market today use lithium ion NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) batteries. Cobalt and nickel are relatively expensive and form a large portion of the cost of such a battery. However, some portion of the cars, with somewhat less range, use lithium LFP (lithium iron phosphor) batteries. These don’t involve any cobalt or nickel. For large scale adoption of electric cars, it’s likely that the early expensive technologies will be ditched f