Artificial intelligence ( AI ) is the intelligence of machines or software, as opposed to the intelligence of human beings or animals. AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search ), recommendation systems (used by YouTube , Amazon , and Netflix ), understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa ), self-driving cars (e.g., Waymo ), generative or creative tools ( ChatGPT and AI art ), and competing at the highest level in strategic games (such as chess and Go ). [1] [2]
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. [3] The field went through multiple cycles of optimism [4] [5] followed by disappointment and loss of funding. [6] [7] In the first decade of the 21st century, highly mathematical and statistical machine learning proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems throughout industry and academia. [8] [9] After 2012, deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques on industry benchmarks, leading to a vast increase in
Economists have frequently highlighted the risks of redundancies from AI, and speculated about unemployment if there is no adequate social policy for full employment. [11]